Tarihin Chadi

1. Toumai, "bege na rayuwa"

A ranar 19 ga Yuli 2001, a cikin hamada na Djourab, a arewacin kasar, tawagar daga Franco-Chadian Paleoanthropological Mission (MPFT), wanda masanin ilimin paleontologist na Faransa Michel Brunet ya jagoranci, ya gano kusan cikakkiyar fossil skull a shafin Toros-Ménalla. Chadian Ahunta Djimdoumalbaye gano wannan. An wallafa bayanin kimiyya a watan Yulin 2002 a cikin mujallar Nature: ana kiran jinsin bayan Sahelanthropus chadensis, "mutumin Sahel na Chadi."

Abubuwan da ke kewaye da su sun kasance kimanin shekaru miliyan bakwai da suka wuce. An kira burbushin Toumai, kalma daga harshe na goran (dazaga) wanda ke nufin "bege ga rayuwa," a al'ada an ba yara da aka haifa kafin lokacin bushewa. Ga babban ɓangare na masu bincike, Toumai yana kusa da rabuwa tsakanin layin ɗan adam da na chimpanzees; tambayar ko ya riga ya tsaya har yanzu batun muhawarar kimiyya ne, wanda aka ciyar da nazarin sauran ƙasusuwan da aka samo a shafin.

Toumaï ba shi kaɗai ba ne. A 1995, tawagar guda ta gano a yankin Koro Toro wani muƙamuƙi da aka sa wa suna Abel, wanda aka danganta da nau’in Australopithecus bahrelghazali, mai kimanin shekaru miliyan 3,5. Waɗannan binciken sun nuna cewa tarihin kakanninmu na nesa bai faru a Gabashin Afirka kaɗai ba: Cadi tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan shaidunsa. Ana nuna kwafin ƙoƙon kan Toumaï a Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Cadi, a N’Djaména, a wani ɗaki da aka keɓe ga nazarin burbushin halittu.

2. Masu zanen Green Sahara: dutsen dutse na Ennedi da Tibesti

Shekaru dubbai da suka wuce, Sahara ba hamadar da muka sani a yau ba ce. A lokacin zamanin damina na Afirka, tafkuna, dazuzzuka da koguna sun rufe babban ɓangare na arewacin Cadi. Mata da mazan da suka zauna a can sun bar a kan duwatsun Ennedi da Tibesti ɗaya daga cikin mafi arzikin tarin zane-zanen dutse a nahiyar.

A cikin Ennedi, zane-zane da zane-zane suna ƙidaya dubban, a cikin wuraren zama na dutse, caves da tare da canyons. UNESCO ya bayyana su a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan tarin zane-zane na dutse a Sahara. Masana sun bambanta lokuta da yawa masu girma, wanda aka bayyana musamman ta hanyar salo da dabbobin da aka wakilta: na farko da dabbobin daji da masu farauta, sa'an nan kuma manyan shanu na shanu na fastoci, kuma a ƙarshe doki da dromedary, wanda ke tare da ci gaba da bushewa na Sahara. Akwai abubuwan da suka faru na farauta, fatauci, rawa, rayuwar sansani: kundin iyali na gaskiya na 'yan Adam na Saharan.

A Tibesti, da volcanic massif inda mafi girma a kasar ne located, da Emi Koussi, shi ne yafi engravings cewa mamaye, kamar yadda a kan site na Gonoa. Dating dinsu yafi dogara ne akan nazarin salo: mafi yawanci ana sanya tsofaffi tsakanin karni na biyar da na huɗu KZ Waɗannan hotunan suna tunawa da cewa Sahara wani yanki ne mai zama, ƙetare da ƙauna tun kafin zuwan caravans.

A yau, waɗannan ayyukan suna da rauni: erosion, vandalism, samfurin. Admiring su ne kuma wani alƙawari taba, danshi ko lalata su.

3. Sao, masu gini na ƙasar tafkin

Hoto : Florent Mando Yves (Tchad Ma Culture) · 29/10/2026

Kudancin Lake Chadi, tare da Chari da Logone, a Chad na yau da kuma arewacin Kamaru, al'adar baka tana magana ne game da Sao, mutane masu girma tare da sojoji masu ban mamaki. Bayan labari, masu binciken ilimin kimiyya sun gano wayewa sosai: mounds na zama kewaye da ganuwar, jars na jana'izar jana'izar, kayan aiki da trimmings a cikin tagulla da baƙin ƙarfe, kuma musamman terracotta mai ban mamaki — siffofin mutum da dabba, kwantena, abubuwa na al'ada — waɗanda suke daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan da aka kirkira a yankin.

Har yanzu ana muhawara kan tarihin lokutan Sao. Encyclopædia Britannica ta sanya bunƙasarsu daga ƙarni na farko bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa, tare da ƙololuwa tsakanin ƙarni na 9 da na 15; tonon ƙasa na baya-bayan nan a Cadi, musamman na CNRD tare da abokan hulɗa na ƙasashen waje, sun ba da kwanakin daga ƙarni na 7 zuwa na 19 bisa wuraren da matakan zama. A hankali aka mamaye Sao ko aka haɗe su, musamman ƙarƙashin tasirin Kanem-Bornu. Ana ɗaukar Kotoko, waɗanda ke zaune a yankin a yau, a matsayin magadan al’adunsu.

4. Kanem-Bornu, tarihin shekaru dubu a kusa da tafkin

A arewa maso gabashin Lake Chadi, a kusa da karni na tara bisa ga tushe da hadisai, an haifi mulkin Kanem. An jagoranci kusan shekaru dubu daya ta hanyar daular Sayfawa (ko Sefuwa), daya daga cikin mafi tsawo a tarihin Afirka. Shugabanninta suna dauke da lakabin Mai kuma suna zaune na dogon lokaci a Njimi, babban birnin da har yanzu ba a san ainihin wurinsa da tabbaci ba.

A karshen karni na 11, Mayi Hummay (ko Umme) ya koma addinin Musulunci, wanda a hankali ya zama addinin kotu, sa'an nan kuma babban ɓangare na yawan jama'a. Kanem ya juya zuwa duniyar Bahar Rum: shugabanninta suna yin aikin hajji zuwa Makka, an rubuta wasiƙunsa a Larabci, caravans ɗinsa suna ɗaukar hanyar da ke haɗa Lake Chad zuwa Fezzan da Tripoli ta hanyar Bilma.

Har ila yau, wannan kasuwancin trans-Sahara yana da fuskarsa mai duhu. Tare da gishiri, natron, dawakai, kyallen da makamai, mutane, sau da yawa an kama su a lokacin tafiye-tafiye da mutanen da ba Musulmi ba, an kai su zuwa arewa. Har ila yau, don ba da labarin Kanem-Bornu shine tunawa da waɗannan matan, waɗannan maza da waɗannan yara da aka tsage daga ƙasarsu.

A ƙarshen karni na 14, wanda Boulala ya jagoranci, Sayfawa ya bar Kanem kuma ya zauna a yammacin tafkin a Bornu, inda suka kafa sabon babban birnin kasar, Ngazargamu. Daga nan masarautar ta fuskanci sabon zamanin zinariya, musamman a karkashin Idriss Alaoma (ƙarshen karni na 16), wanda ya zamani da sojojinsa tare da bindigogi da kuma ci gaba da dangantaka da Daular Ottoman. A karni na 19, iko ya wuce ga dangin lettre Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi, kuma daular Sayfawa ta mutu a tsakiyar karni. A ƙarshe, Rabih ya kawar da Bornu a ƙarshen shekarun 1890.

5. Mulkin Baguirmi da Ouaddai

Zuwa kudu maso gabashin tafkin, an kafa mulkin Baguirmi a farkon karni na goma sha shida a kusa da babban birnin Massenya, a kan ƙasashen Chari-Baguirmi na yanzu. Ranar tushe ya bambanta bisa ga al'ada kuma marubutan (1480, 1513 ko 1522 suna ci gaba). Sarakunanta suna dauke da taken mbang; Musulunci ya zama addini na hukuma a karni na 17. An sanya tsakanin maƙwabta biyu masu ƙarfi, Baguirmi dole ne ya ba da ladabi ga Bornu sannan kuma zuwa Ouaddai, wanda ya rushe Massenya a farkon karni na 19.

Ƙarin gabas, an kafa Sultanate na Ouaddai a karni na goma sha bakwai — al'ada a kusa da 1635, wasu marubuta sun ci gaba 1611 — ta Abd al-Karim, wanda ya soke mulkin Toundjour kuma ya kafa babban birninsa a Ouara. A tsakiyar karni na 19, farfajiyar ta koma [P33]. A farkon karni na 19, Sultan Sabun ya kirkiro hanyar kai tsaye zuwa bakin tekun Libya (Benghazi) ta hanyar oasis na Koufra, wanda ya sa masarautar ta ci gaba: ivory, ostrich feathers, amma kuma, gagarumin, fursunoni.

Dole ne a faɗi shi da gaskiya: ikon Baguirmi da Ouaddai sun dogara ne a wani ɓangare a kan razzies bawa da aka gudanar zuwa kudu, a kan yawan jama'a da ake la'akari da arna — musamman a yankunan Shari na Tsakiya na yanzu, Salamat da kuma bayan. Dukan ƙauyuka sun kasance marasa galihu, iyalai sun watse, kuma ƙwaƙwalwar irin wannan tashin hankali ya kasance mai rai a wasu al'ummomi. Gane wannan labarin, ba tare da sanya shi ga mutanen yau ba, wani ɓangare ne na aikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda ya sa ya yiwu a zauna tare.

Har ila yau, waɗannan masarautun sun kasance cibiyoyin al'adu: darussan da aka gyara, makarantun Koranic, gine-gine, hannayen hannu na fata da ƙarfe, kiɗa na kotu, wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna ci gaba a lokacin manyan bukukuwa.

6. Rabih az-Zubayr da Yakin Kousseri (1900)

Hoto : Arrantzaleak, statue de Rabih au musée national de Maiduguri (Borno), Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0

A ƙarshen karni na 19 wani dan yaki daga Sudan ya fito: Rabih az-Zubayr (Rabah, a cikin rubuce-rubucen Faransanci da yawa). Tsohon kwamandan dan kasuwar bawan Sudan Zubayr Pasha, ya jagoranci sojoji masu tsoratarwa da tsoro a yamma. A cikin 'yan shekaru, ya gabatar da wani ɓangare na Baguirmi kuma a 1893 ya kama Bornu, wanda ya hallaka babban birnin Kukawa, kafin ya zauna nasa a Dikoa. Mulkinsa, bisa ga yaki da fatauci, ya bar tunawa da ta'addanci a yankuna da yawa.

A lokaci guda, Faransa tana neman haɗa mallakarta na Arewacin Afirka, Yammacin Afirka da Kongo a kusa da Tafkin Chadi. A 1899 Rabih ya halaka rundunar Faransa karkashin Bretonnet a Togbao. Amsar ta fito daga manema gaskiya guda uku da suka taru zuwa Chari: Foureau-Lamy daga Aljeriya, Gentil daga Kongo, da Joalland-Meynier daga Nijar. A 22 ga Afrilu 1900, a Kousseri (yau a Kamaru, gaban N’Djaména), yakin ya zama mai yanke hukunci: an kashe Rabih, da kwamandan Amédée-François Lamy, wanda sunansa ya tafi ga sansanin da aka kafa nan da nan, Fort-Lamy, N’Djaména ta gaba. ’Ya’yan Rabih sun ci gaba da tsayayya, amma daularsa ta rushe.

7. Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa (1900‑1960)

Bayan Kousseri, cin nasara ya ci gaba fiye da shekaru goma. Ouaddai ya yi tsayayya: Abéché an dauki shi a 1909 kuma Sultan Doudmourrah kawai ya mika wuya a 1911. Borkou, Ennedi da Tibesti ba su da batun har sai daga baya, kuma za su kasance a karkashin gwamnatin soja na dogon lokaci. A shekara ta 1910, Chad ya shiga cikin Faransa Equatorial Africa (AEF), wanda babban birninsa shine Brazzaville; Ya zama mulkin mallaka ta hanyar umarni na 17 Maris 1920.

Zamanin mulkin mallaka ya kasance da tashin hankali na mamaya da gudanarwa. A Nuwamba 1917, a Abéché, sojojin mulkin mallaka sun yi wa malamai da manyan mutane da dama kisan kiyashi, lamarin da aka tuna da shi da sunan « kisan kiyashin adduna ». A kudu, an tilasta wa jama’a — musamman Sara — aikin dole, musamman wajen gina layin dogo na Congo-Océan, wanda ya kashe mutane da yawa, da noman auduga na tilas daga ƙarshen shekarun 1920. Harajin kai da ƙwace-ƙwace sun yi wa ƙauyuka nauyi ƙwarai. Gudanarwar ba ta saka jari sosai a makaranta da kiwon lafiya ba, musamman a arewa.

Chadi ya mamaye wuri guda a tarihin duniya: a ranar 26 ga Agusta, 1940, gwamnansa, Felix Éboué, wanda aka haife shi a Guyana, ya yi shelar taro na yankin zuwa Faransa kyauta na Janar de Gaulle. Wannan shi ne yanki na farko mai mahimmanci na Daular da ya yi haka. Daga Chadi, ginshiƙan Colonel Leclerc, inda sojojin Chadi da yawa ke hidima, suka bar Fezzan kuma suka kama oasis na Koufra a 1941.

Bayan yakin, Chadi ya zama yankin ketare (1946) kuma ya aika da wakilai zuwa Paris. Jam'iyyar Ci Gaban Chadi (PPT), wanda Gabriel Lisette ya kafa a 1947, yana samun iko a hankali. A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1958, Chadi ya zama jamhuriya mai cin gashin kanta a cikin Al'ummar Faransa; François Tombalbaye, dan kungiyar kwadago da malami daga kudu, ya jagoranci a 1959.

8. 'Yancin kai: 11 Agusta 1960

Hoto: Tchad Ma Culture

Ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 1960, Chadi ta ayyana 'yancin kanta. François Tombalbaye ya zama shugaban farko. Matashin Jihar ya gaji wani yanki mai girma — daya daga cikin mafi girma a Afirka — tare da babban bambancin mutane, harsuna da addinai, iyakokin da ikon mulkin mallaka suka zana da kuma abubuwan more rayuwa masu iyaka sosai. Tutar shuɗi, zinariya da ja da mawaƙa Chadian ya zama alamomin sabuwar al'umma. Kowace ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, duka a kasar da kuma a cikin diaspora, Chadians suna bikin wannan lokacin da aka kafa.

9. Daga 'Yancin Kai Zuwa Yau

Wannan sashe yana gabatar da manyan hujjoji ta hanyar gaskiya da tsaka tsaki. Ba ta da'awar yanke shawara kan muhawarar siyasa kuma ta gayyaci kowa da kowa ya tuntubi tushe daban-daban.

Shekaru na Tombalbaye (1960‑1975)

Tun daga 1962, PPT ya zama ƙungiya ɗaya. Rashin amincewa ya karu, musamman a yankunan tsakiya da arewacin kasar: a 1965, rikicin kudade ya tashi a Mangalmé, kuma a 1966 an kafa Front de libération nationale du Chad (FROLINAT) a Sudan. Tsawon lokacin tayar da makamai ya fara. A farkon shekarun 1970s, shugaban ya kaddamar da manufofin "ainihin": a 1973, Fort-Lamy ya zama N'Djaména. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1975, juyin mulkin soja ya soke mulkin; An kashe François Tombalbaye.

Yakin basasa da tsoma baki na kasashen waje (1975‑1990)

Janar Félix Malloum ya karɓi jagorancin ƙasar, sannan a 1978 ya haɗa kai da Hissène Habré, wanda ya fito daga ’yan tawaye. Rabuwarsu ta haddasa faɗa mai tsanani a N’Djaména a 1979. Yarjejeniyoyi da dama sun kai ga kafa Gwamnatin Haɗin Kan Ƙasa ta Riƙon Ƙwarya (GUNT), ƙarƙashin shugabancin Goukouni Oueddei. Faɗa ya sake ɓarkewa; Libiya ta shiga ta fuskar soja a gefen GUNT. A Yuni 1982, dakarun Hissène Habré suka ƙwace N’Djaména.

Rikicin Libya, wanda ke dauke da wani ɓangare na arewa, ya ci gaba a cikin shekarun 1980 tare da goyon bayan sojojin Faransa ga gwamnati. A shekara ta 1987, sojojin Chadi sun mamaye mafi yawan arewa a lokacin wani hari wanda ya kasance sananne a karkashin sunan "yakin Toyota." A karshe kotun shari'ar kasa da kasa ta yanke hukuncin rikice-rikice kan kungiyar Aouzou Band, wadda a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun 1994 ta amince da mulkin kasar Chadi; sojojin Libya sun janye a wannan shekarar.

Tsarin Hissène Habré yana nuna mummunan tashin hankali, musamman ma 'yan sandan siyasarsa, DDS. A shekara ta 1992, kwamitin bincike na kasar Chadi ya ba shi dubban dubban wadanda aka kashe. Wani dan gudun hijira a Senegal bayan faduwarsa, an yanke Hissène Habré hukuncin daurin rai a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu 2016 don aikata laifuka a kan bil'adama, laifukan yaki da azabtarwa na musamman na Afirka a Dakar, wani ikon da aka kirkira a karkashin yarjejeniya tsakanin Tarayyar Afirka da Senegal. Ya mutu a shekarar 2021. Wannan fitina, wanda aka samu ta hanyar jimrewar wadanda abin ya shafa, galibi an ambaci shi a matsayin babban mataki a shari'ar kasa da kasa a Afirka.

Shekaru Idriss Déby Itno (1990‑2021)

A Disamba 1990, Ƙungiyar Kishin Ƙasa ta Ceto (MPS) ta Idriss Déby Itno ta ƙwace N’Djaména. An gudanar da Babban Taron Ƙasa mai cikakken iko a 1993; an amince da sabon Kundin tsarin mulki ta zaɓen raba gardama a 1996, kuma tun daga lokacin ake gudanar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na jam’iyyu da dama. A 2005, zaɓen raba gardama ya soke iyakar wa’adin shugabanci. Cadi ta zama mai fitar da man fetur a 2003, ta bututun mai da ya haɗa kwarin Doba da gaɓar tekun Kamaru.

Har yanzu kasar na fuskantar tayar da makamai — ginshiƙan 'yan tawaye sun kai N'Djamena a 2006 da 2008 — karbar bakuncin' yan gudun hijira da ke tserewa daga rikicin Darfur daga 2003 da kuma shiga cikin sojoji a kan kungiyoyin jihadi a yankin Sahel kuma, daga 2015, a kan Boko Haram a yankin Lake Chadi. An amince da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki a shekarar 2018. A watan Afrilun 2021, 'yan kwanaki bayan sake zabensa, Idriss Déby Itno ya mutu saboda raunuka da aka samu, a cewar rundunar sojin, a cikin yaƙi da kungiyar tawaye a arewacin kasar.

Canja wurin da lokacin yanzu (tun daga 2021)

Kwamitin Soja na Canji, wanda dansa Janar Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno ya jagoranci, ya mamaye kasar. An gudanar da tattaunawar kasa mai haɗawa da sarauta a 2022 kuma ya tsawaita sauyawa. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2022, an danniya zanga-zangar adawa da wannan tsawaita kuma an kashe mutane da yawa da aka azabtar da su; takardun ma'auni sun bambanta bisa ga majiyoyin. Wani sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya karbi kuri'a a watan Disamba na 2023. A ranar 6 ga Mayu 2024, an zabi Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno Shugaban Jamhuriyar, tare da kashi 61% na kuri'un bisa ga sakamakon karshe na Majalisar Tsarin Mulki, sakamakon da wani ɓangare na 'yan adawa suka fafata. An gudanar da zaben majalisa a watan Disambar 2024, wani ɓangare na 'yan adawa sun yi watsi da su.

A watan Janairun 2025, sojojin Faransa na karshe sun bar Chadi, bayan ƙarshen yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwar kariya da [P31] ta sanar a ƙarshen 2024. A watan Oktoba na 2025, Majalisar Majalisa ta amince da sake duba tsarin mulki, ta kawo wa'adin shugaban kasa zuwa shekaru bakwai, sabuntawa ba tare da iyakancewa ba. Tun daga 2023, kasar Chadi ta karbi bakuncin daruruwan dubban 'yan gudun hijira da ke tserewa daga yaki a gabashin kasar. Firayim Minista Allah-Maye Halina ne ya jagoranci gwamnati a watan Oktoba na 2026.

10. Gado A Yau: Alfahari Mai Raba

Hoto : Jacques Taberlet, Ounianga Serir, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0

Yanzu Chadi tana da kadarori biyu a kan [UNESCO Jerin Tarihin Duniya, duka a arewa maso gabashin kasar. The Unianga Lake, rajista a 2012, kafa wani sa na goma sha takwas blue, kore ko reddish tafkuna, ciyar da wani burbushin tebur a tsakiyar wani hyperarid hamada, inda ya fada kasa da biyu millimetres na ruwan sama a kowace shekara: wani halitta abin mamaki kusan musamman a duniya. Massif de l' [P36]: shimfidar yanayi da al'adu, wanda aka rubuta a 2016, ya haɗu da shimfidar sandstone da aka sassaka ta iska da ruwa — arches, canyons, allura — tare da gueltas inda relic wildlife ya tsira, kuma tare da taskar fasaha mai girma da aka ambata a sama. Sauran shafuka, kamar zane-zanen dutse da zane-zane na Tibesti, an jera su ko an haɗa su a cikin jerin alamun Chad.

Amma kayan gadon Cadi ba su tsaya a kan shahararrun wurare kawai ba. Suna rayuwa a cikin harsuna sama da ɗari, a waƙoƙin maroka da masu ba da labari, a kiɗan garaya, molo da ganguna, a kitso da shasshawa, a fasahar maginan tukwane, maƙera, masu saƙar kwanduna da masaƙa. Ana ganinsu a bukukuwa kamar Guéréwol (Gerewol) na Wodaabé, inda samari, masu ado da kwalliya, ke rawa don a zaɓe su, ko a Bikin Dary, wanda ke haɗa al’adun larduna 23 a N’Djaména kowace shekara. Ana adana su a Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Cadi kuma ana isar da su, kowace rana, daga tsara zuwa tsara.

Wannan gado ne mai rai wanda Tchad Ma Culture yana so ya tattara kuma ya raba, a cikin harsuna goma sha uku, tare da duniya. Kuna da hoton iyali, labarin kakanninku, waƙa, ilimin? Bayar da gudummawa ga kundin ajiya mai rai: An kuma rubuta tarihin Chadi tare da ku.